A TREE IS A TREE IS A…BUILDING?

It is interesting to see the latest developments in neuroscience being used to justify an approach to design that has been around for a very long time. In short, this approach is to use natural forms as an inspiration for architectural forms. The author of the following article argues that science informs us that our being inside our own bodies (and not only in our minds or, if you will, our brains), makes us especially receptive to the embodiments of other living things, such as trees, her prime example. In other words, we feel most comfortable, most at home, in an embodied environment, as opposed to an environment that we perceive only as an abstraction of ideas.

It is a very seductive argument in a time such as the present when people living in wholly artificial and unnatural cities, far from aboriginal landscapes, often feel overwhelmed by abstractions of every kind, from the dry statistics of global financial crises to the impassioned but still cerebral ideological debates that dominate our politics. Many of us yearn for experiences that take us out of the narrow human world and reconnect us with the less constrictive, richer and in a sense more hopeful world of Nature. The Green movements emerging today testify to this need, as do trends in architecture that emphasize sustainability and the pre-eminence of the organic. It is a mistake to consider them as strictly pragmatic.

The last time this approach was taken up in full force was in the period during and immediately following the First World War. Lasting only a few years, it constituted a movement that was called by critics and later historians “Expressionism.” The natural forms that inspired architects such as Bruno and Max Taut, Hans Poelzig, the Luckhardt Brothers, Hans Scharoun, and others were not so much from the organic world reflecting today’s concerns, but rather from the inorganic, mineral world of rocks and crystals that underlay the industrial revolution then in full swing. Still, the idea of a reconnection with a deeper level of Nature was—and remains—the driving impulse. (left) The interior of the Grosses Schauspielhaus, Berlin, 1919, by Hans Poelzig. A design inspired by  stalactite formations in a mineral cave.

My point here is not to dismiss these architectural movements and trends as merely passing fashions. To the contrary, they are critical counterpoints to dominant trends of our society that—carried too far—become more destructive than creative. Their short-lived nature indicates, however, the limits of trying to embody this need for reconnection only in architectural forms.

LW

(above) Tod’s retail store, Tokyo, by Toyo Ito.

January 7, 2012

SEEING THE BUILDINGS FOR THE TREES

By Sarah Williams Goldhagen

A REVOLUTION in cognitive neuroscience is changing the kinds of experiments that scientists conduct, the kinds of questions economists ask and, increasingly, the ways that architects, landscape architects and urban designers shape our built environment.

This revolution reveals that thought is less transparent to the thinker than it appears and that the mind is less rational than we believe and more associative than we know. Many of the associations we make emerge from the fact that we live inside bodies, in a concrete world, and we tend to think in metaphors grounded in that embodiment.

This metaphorical, embodied quality shapes how we relate to abstract concepts, emotions and human activity. Across cultures, “important” is big and “unimportant” is small, just as your caretakers were once much larger than you. Sometimes your head is “in the clouds.” You approach a task “step by step.”

Some architects are catching on to human cognition’s embodied nature. A few are especially intrigued by metaphors that express bodily experience in the world.

Take the visual metaphor of a tree as shelter. Most people live around, use and look at trees. Children climb them. People gather under them. Nearly everyone at some point uses one to escape the sun.

Recently, architects have deployed tree metaphors in many different settings. At the Kanagawa Institute of Technology in Japan, Junya Ishigami created an elegant “forest” out of slender, white-enameled metal saplings that congregate in clusters and open into clearings of vocational work spaces. In Seville, Spain, a German architect, Jürgen Mayer H., gave definition and shade to the city’s Plaza de la Encarnación with his Metropol Parasol, a lilting, waffled construction of laminated timber.

Such projects follow earlier, very different tree-inspired buildings, like Toyo Ito’s well-known Tod’s, a retail store in Tokyo, and the Mediathèque media library, an exhibition space and cinema in Sendai, Japan, which is so well supported by irregular, hollowed-out, sinuous “trunks” (housing elevators and staircases) that it survived the enormous earthquake last March.

Why should tree metaphors appeal to architects? Why should they be useful, even good, for people? In the Seville project, tree imagery helps construct a distinctive public place that offers shelter and areas to congregate. As under spreading trees, the boundaries defining these spaces are permeable; easy to enter and exit, they offer nature’s spatial freedom yet help people to feel more firmly rooted where they are. And tree metaphors, deployed architecturally, simultaneously lament nature’s absence and symbolically insert its presence.

Tree metaphors also refer to the experience of living in a body on earth. Trees are static, stable objects. Someone connected to a community is “rooted” there; a psychologically sturdy friend’s feet are firmly “planted” on the ground. We use trees to describe human bodies and souls: the area from our neck to pelvis is our “trunk”; someone reliable is “solid as an oak”; someone exploring a new area of inquiry is “branching out.”

Buildings aren’t nature, of course. Tree metaphors like the branching-out facade of Mr. Ito’s Tod’s surprise people. But because the surprise comes along with the implied reassurance of structural integrity (they’re trees, after all), it prompts us to focus on the built environment, perhaps to reconsider its role in our everyday lives.

Architects may also like tree metaphors because a tree’s overall structure is regular, while its fine-grained composition, its tangles of branches, are irregular, an arrangement conducive to the kind of design experimentation offered by new digital technologies.

But the design opportunities that tree metaphors present fail to explain their appearance in such a diverse range of buildings. Trees are familiar. Tree metaphors allow for an architectural inventiveness that stretches people without estranging them.

Trees are just one of the growing number of embodied metaphors used in contemporary architecture: Zaha Hadid builds riverlike spaces, while the Japanese firm Sanaa offers up a habitable mountainscape of a student center at the École Polytechnique Fédérale in Lausanne, Switzerland.

How many designers are clued in to the ongoing cognitive revolution and its potential for the built environment is unclear. But this collection of architects and projects herald more than just another stylistic or pyrotechnic, technology-driven trend. They point toward how the built environment could — and should — be radically reconceptualized around the fundamental workings of the human mind. We need, and are ever more in a position to create, a richer built environment, grounded in the way people actually experience the world around them.

Sarah Williams Goldhagen, the architecture critic for The New Republic, is writing a book about how people experience the contemporary built environment.

Following are projects referenced in the article:

(above) Metropol Parasol, Spain, by architect Jürgen Mayer H.

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(above) Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Japan, by Junya Ishigami and Associates.

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(above) Mediatheque, Sendai, Japan, by Toyo Ito.

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(above) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, France, by Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa (SANAA).

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Related post on the LW blog: https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2010/09/13/building-landscapes/